feat(query-core): add timeoutManager to allow changing setTimeout/setInterval (#9612)

* add timeoutManager class

* add additional types & export functions

* convert all setTimeout/setInterval to managed versions

* tweaks

* add claude-generated tests

* tests

* revert changes in query-async-storage-persister: no path to import query-core

* re-export more types

* console.warn -> non-production console.error

* query-async-storage-persister: use query-core managedSetTimeout

* pdate pnpm-lock for new dependency edge

* sleep: always managedSetTimeout

* remove managed* functions, call method directly

* remove runtime coercion and accept unsafe any within TimeoutManager class

* cleanup; fix test after changes

* name is __TEST_ONLY__

* notifyManager: default scheduler === systemSetTimeoutZero

* Improve TimeoutCallback comment since ai was confused

* remove unnecessary timeoutManager-related exports

* prettier-ify index.ts (seems my editor messed with it already this pr?)

* continue to export defaultTimeoutProvider for tests

* oops missing import

* fix: export systemSetTimeoutZero from core

* ref: use notifyManager.schedule in createPersister

because it needs to work with whatever scheduleFn we have set there

* ref: move provider check behind env check

* docs

* doc tweaks

* doc tweaks

* docs: reference timeoutManager in discussion of 24 day setTimout limit

* Apply suggestion from @TkDodo

* Apply suggestion from @TkDodo

* chore: fix broken links

* docs: syntax fix

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Co-authored-by: Dominik Dorfmeister <office@dorfmeister.cc>