feat: add Sieve of Eratosthenes algorithm (#7071)

* feat: add Sieve of Eratosthenes algorithm

- Implement Sieve of Eratosthenes for finding prime numbers up to n
- Add comprehensive unit tests with edge cases
- Include JavaDoc documentation
- Time complexity: O(n log log n)
- Space complexity: O(n)

Resolves #6939

* fix: remove trailing spaces

* fix: apply clang-format