[mypy] math/sieve_of_eratosthenes: Add type hints (#2627)

* add type hints to math/sieve
* add doctest
* math/sieve: remove manual doctest
* add check for negative
* Update maths/sieve_of_eratosthenes.py
* Update sieve_of_eratosthenes.py

Co-authored-by: Dhruv Manilawala <dhruvmanila@gmail.com>