Segmented sieve - doctests (#9945)

* Replacing the generator with numpy vector operations from lu_decomposition.

* Revert "Replacing the generator with numpy vector operations from lu_decomposition."

This reverts commit ad217c66165898d62b76cc89ba09c2d7049b6448.

* Added doctests.

* Update segmented_sieve.py

Removed unnecessary check.

* Update segmented_sieve.py

Added checks for 0 and negative numbers.

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* Update segmented_sieve.py

* Update segmented_sieve.py

Added float number check.

* Update segmented_sieve.py

* Update segmented_sieve.py

simplified verification

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* Update segmented_sieve.py

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

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* Update segmented_sieve.py

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* ValueError: Number 22.2 must instead be a positive integer

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Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <[email protected]>