Added data_structures/arrays/sparse_table.py (#10437)

* Create sparse_table.py

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* Descriptive names for variables

* Fix ruff check error

* Update sparse_table.py

* Add comments, change variable names

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* Fix typo

* Update sparse_table.py

---------

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>