add graphs/ant_colony_optimization_algorithms.py (#11163)

* add ant_colonyant_colony_optimization_algorithms.py

* Modify details

* Modify type annotation

* Add tests for KeyError, IndexError, StopIteration, etc.

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

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Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>
Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>