algorithm: Add juggler sequence (#7985)

* feat: Add juggler sequence

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* refactor: Remove temp variable

* refactor: Change error type for negative numbers

* refactor: Remove # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE

* refactor: Remove int typecasting

* test: Add unit tests for n=10 and n=25

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Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>