added type hints and doctests to arithmetic_analysis/bisection.py (#2241)

* added type hints and doctests to arithmetic_analysis/bisection.py

continuing in line with #2128

* modified arithmetic_analysis/bisection.py

Put back print statement at the end, replaced algorithm's print statement with an exception.

* modified arithmetic_analysis/bisection.py

Removed unnecessary type import "Optional"

* modified arithmetic_analysis/bisection.py

Replaced generic Exception with ValueError.

* modified arithmetic_analysis/bisection.py

fixed doctests