Rewrite parts of Vector and Matrix (#5362)

* Rewrite parts of Vector and Matrix methods

* Refactor determinant method and add unit tests

Refactor determinant method to create separate minor and cofactor
methods.
Add respective unit tests for new methods.
Rename methods using snake case to follow Python naming conventions.

* Reorganize Vector and Matrix methods

* Update linear_algebra/README.md

Co-authored-by: John Law <[email protected]>

* Fix punctuation and wording

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: John Law <[email protected]>

Co-authored-by: John Law <[email protected]>