fix(dateFilter, input): fix Date parsing in IE/Edge when timezone offset contains `:`

When `Date.parse`-ing a date string, IE and Edge don't recognize the timezone offset in the format
`+HH:mm` (but only without the `:`). According to [the spec][1], the timezone offset should
contain `:`. The [ISO 8601 Standard][2] allows both forms (with and without `:`).
Although the `Date` implementation in JavaScript does not 100% follow the ISO 8601 Standard (it's
just _based on it_), all other browsers seem to recognize both forms as well.

[1]: http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-15.9.1.15
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601#Time_offsets_from_UTC

Fixes #13880

Closes #13887