fix(input[date]): support years with more than 4 digits

Previously, the date-related regular expressions only matched years with no more than 4 digits.
This commit adds support for years with more than 4 digits. It also resolves an ambiguity in
`ISO_DATE_REGEXP` by matching the whole string (when it previosuly allowed extra characters around
the date string).

Fixes #13735
Closes #13905