fix($resource): do not swallow errors in `success` callback

Previously, errors thrown inside the `success` callback would be swallowed by a
noop `catch()` handler. The `catch()` handler was added in order to avoid an
unnecessary "Possibly Unhandled Rejection" error, in case the user provided an
`error` callback (which would handle request errors).

The handler was added too "eagrly" and as a result would swallow errors thrown
in the `success` callback, despite the fact that those errors would _not_ be
handled by the `error` callback.

This commit fixes this, by adding the `catch()` handler "lazily", only when it
is certain that a rejection will be handled by the `error` callback.

Fixes #15624

Closes #15628