fix(ext/node): `fs.statfsSync` and `fs.statfs` compatibility (#30662)

Towards #29972

- Converts the polyfill to typescript.
- Implement async op.
- Allows `Buffer` type path.
- Allows
[parallel/test-fs-statfs.js](https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/v24.2.0/test/parallel/test-fs-statfs.js)
test to pass.