Error handling log intermediate output delegate (#9761)

### Summary

This PR contains a fix for all `log_intermediate_output_delegate`
methods which can now propagate any error caught inside of
`log_intermediate_output_delegate_helper`. Fixes
https://github.com/pytorch/executorch/issues/9549

release notes: `log_intermediate_output_delegate` no longer aborts
runtime if parameters delegate debug index or name are invalid. Instead,
an error is returned.

### Test plan

Tests for this PR can be verified by building `sdk_etdump_tests` and
using `ctest`

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Co-authored-by: Gasoonjia <gasoonjia@meta.com>