Remove pre-C++17 compiler compatibility guards (#728)

* Remove pre-C++17 compiler compatibility guards

Since C++17 is now required, remove dead preprocessor branches targeting
compilers and language versions that predate it:

- _MSC_VER version checks below 1910 (VS 2017): drop workarounds for
  VS 2005 (1400), VS 2003 (1300), VS 2010 (1600), and the VS 2015 (1900)
  thread-routine typedef chain; simplify to plain #ifdef _MSC_VER where
  the guarded code is always taken on any supported MSVC
- stdint_msvc.h fallback in FieldTypes.h: always include <stdint.h>
- __SUNPRO_CC guards: remove Oracle/Sun C++ workarounds for broken
  std::distance() signature and missing <algorithm>/<sys/filio.h> includes
- __cplusplus >= 201103L guards: unconditionally include <chrono> and
  expose getTimePoint(), which are always available under C++17
- stdafx.h: unwrap #pragma once and TERMINATE_IN_STD from obsolete
  _MSC_VER version guards

* Apply clang-format to changed files