build(opentelemetry): Bump OpenTelemetry dependencies (#5225)

* build(opentelemetry): Bump OpenTelemetry dependencies

Update OpenTelemetry core, instrumentation, and semantic conventions\nversions in the shared version catalog.\n\nThis keeps sentry-java aligned with newer OTel releases used by the\nopentelemetry modules and samples.\n\nCo-Authored-By: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>

* changelog

* docs(changelog): Clarify OpenTelemetry bump versions

Align the OpenTelemetry changelog entry with prior dependency bump style\nby listing each artifact and including previous versions for context.\n\nThis makes the upgrade scope easier to review and mirrors the detail\nlevel used in earlier OpenTelemetry changelog entries.\n\nCo-Authored-By: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>

* ci(e2e): Enable Spring Boot 4 no-agent system tests

Enable the spring-boot-4 opentelemetry-noagent sample in backend
system-test matrix and spring-boot-4 workflow.

This turns the previously commented-out no-agent scenario into an
active CI check so regressions are caught automatically.

Co-Authored-By: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(opentelemetry): Use stable Attributes API in core tests

Replace test usage of sdk.internal.AttributesMap with public Attributes builders.\n\nThe OTel dependency bump removed the internal class, which broke\n:sentry-opentelemetry:sentry-opentelemetry-core:compileTestKotlin and\ntherefore the full build.

Co-Authored-By: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>

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Co-authored-by: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>