Twenty Seventeen: Restore `$post_id` parameter to `twentyseventeen_edit_link()` which is being passed in some templates.

This addresses `arguments.count` errors identified by PHPStan at rule level 1.

Developed in https://github.com/WordPress/wordpress-develop/pull/11242

Follow-up to WordPress/twentyseventeen commits: [https://github.com/WordPress/twentyseventeen/commit/1afb73cbe99e6fd40fc6d2440500f197ccf92684 1afb73c], [https://github.com/WordPress/twentyseventeen/commit/7dd302582df46f6bb6b79fd7bb6344cad0eff698#diff-88ec0e9d51b04231a448a06c40ced21810e85361ced9481a9248f1075226c6aa 7dd3025], [https://github.com/WordPress/twentyseventeen/blob/69482880b4ae2ec145f60df417423665581a5653/inc/template-tags.php#L104-L128 6948288].

Props sabernhardt, westonruter.
See #64680.
Fixes #64825.


git-svn-id: https://develop.svn.wordpress.org/trunk@62000 602fd350-edb4-49c9-b593-d223f7449a82