Derive iOS inspector URL scheme from bundle URL for HTTPS support (#55871)

Summary:
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/react-native/pull/55871

## Summary:

Use the bundle URL's scheme (http or https) when constructing inspector device
URLs and open-debugger URLs in `RCTInspectorDevServerHelper`, instead of
hardcoding `http://`. This allows the inspector and debugger to work correctly
when the dev server is accessed over HTTPS.

## Changelog:

[IOS][CHANGED] - Derive inspector and debugger URL scheme from bundle URL to support HTTPS dev servers

## Test Plan:

Verified that `getInspectorDeviceUrl` and `openDebugger` now use the bundle
URL's scheme, falling back to `http` when no scheme is available.

## Facebook:
Applied from nest/mobile/apps/atod-sample/patches/react-native+0.83.1+007+atod-ios-inspector-https.patch

Reviewed By: cortinico

Differential Revision: D95037969

fbshipit-source-id: 0e6729c2b91827655f4093dec890ad086e42facf