fix: Improve Timers error handling and web compatibility (fixes #45085) (#45105)

Summary:
Improve compatibility with web implementations of JS timers.

Fixes https://github.com/facebook/react-native/issues/45085

## Changelog:

[GENERAL] [CHANGED] - Timer functions are now throwing exceptions in less cases and are instead quiet quitting (similar to browsers)
[GENERAL] [CHANGED] - Timer functions `timeout` argument is now coerced to a number

Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/react-native/pull/45105

Test Plan: Updated RN tester

Reviewed By: christophpurrer

Differential Revision: D58952146

Pulled By: javache

fbshipit-source-id: 5b6de524f6a03f5221f0d11e0ae2a9313951c767