chore(ci): update GitHub Actions to latest versions with Node.js 24 support (#54885)

Summary:
Updates all `actions/*` GitHub Actions to their latest versions to ensure compatibility with Node.js 24 and prepare for the [deprecation of Node.js 20 on GitHub Actions runners](https://github.blog/changelog/2025-09-19-deprecation-of-node-20-on-github-actions-runners/).

## Changelog:

[Internal] [Changed] - Updated GitHub Actions to latest versions with Node.js 24 support

## Version Updates

| Action | Previous | Current | Release Notes |
|--------|----------|---------|---------------|
| `actions/checkout` | v4 | **v6** | [v6.0.0](https://github.com/actions/checkout/releases/tag/v6.0.0) |
| `actions/github-script` | v6 | **v8** | [v8.0.0](https://github.com/actions/github-script/releases/tag/v8.0.0) |
| `actions/setup-node` | v4 | **v6** | [v6.0.0](https://github.com/actions/setup-node/releases/tag/v6.0.0) |
| `actions/setup-java` | v2/v4 | **v5** | [v5.0.0](https://github.com/actions/setup-java/releases/tag/v5.0.0) |
| `actions/upload-artifact` | v4/v4.3.4 | **v6** | [v6.0.0](https://github.com/actions/upload-artifact/releases/tag/v6.0.0) |
| `actions/download-artifact` | v4/v4.1.3 | **v7** | [v7.0.0](https://github.com/actions/download-artifact/releases/tag/v7.0.0) |
| `actions/cache` | v4 | **v5** | [v5.0.0](https://github.com/actions/cache/releases/tag/v5.0.0) |
| `actions/stale` | v9 | **v10** | [v10.0.0](https://github.com/actions/stale/releases/tag/v10.0.0) |

## Why

GitHub is [deprecating Node.js 20](https://github.blog/changelog/2025-09-19-deprecation-of-node-20-on-github-actions-runners/) on Actions runners. The new versions of these actions now run on Node.js 24 by default (`runs.using: node24`).

## Requirements

- Minimum Actions Runner version: **v2.327.1**
- Self-hosted runners should be updated before merging

Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/react-native/pull/54885

Test Plan:
- PR-triggered workflows (`test-all.yml`, `danger-pr.yml`) will validate core CI
- Other workflows will be validated when their respective triggers occur (schedules, releases, issue events)

Reviewed By: christophpurrer

Differential Revision: D89178299

Pulled By: cipolleschi

fbshipit-source-id: 889ca485486710bb3cd12122bef2731113b66077