Bump minimum Node.js version to 22.14.0 (#51840)

Summary:
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/react-native/pull/51840

Bumps the minimum version of Node.js in React Native to the current active LTS release (22.x, upgraded from 18.x which is now out of support).

- CI configurations are reduced from `[22, 20, 18]` to `[24, 22]`.

{F1978909878}

See https://nodejs.org/en/about/previous-releases.

Changelog:
[General][Breaking] - Our new minimum Node version is Node.js 22

Reviewed By: yungsters, cortinico

Differential Revision: D76037015

fbshipit-source-id: b6e4b3ee279a9a93d716a13297420bba73f45250