[compiler] Phase 2+7: Wrap pipeline passes in tryRecord for fault tolerance

- Change runWithEnvironment/run/compileFn to return Result<CodegenFunction, CompilerError>
- Wrap all pipeline passes in env.tryRecord() to catch and record CompilerErrors
- Record inference pass errors via env.recordErrors() instead of throwing
- Handle codegen Result explicitly, returning Err on failure
- Add final error check: return Err(env.aggregateErrors()) if any errors accumulated
- Update tryCompileFunction and retryCompileFunction in Program.ts to handle Result
- Keep lint-only passes using env.logErrors() (non-blocking)
- Update 52 test fixture expectations that now report additional errors

This is the core integration that enables fault tolerance: errors are caught,
recorded, and the pipeline continues to discover more errors.