[rust-compiler] Use record_error(...)? for short-circuiting on Invariant errors

Replace all `let _ = record_error(...)` with `record_error(...)?` so that
Invariant-category errors short-circuit execution via Result propagation,
matching TypeScript's throw behavior. Update function signatures throughout
build_hir, hir_builder, validation passes, and environment to return
Result<..., CompilerError>. Non-Invariant errors (Todo, Syntax, Hooks, etc.)
are unaffected since record_error returns Ok(()) for those categories.