feat(badge): remove xxsmall, xsmall and xlarge sizes (#30392)

Issue number: resolves internal

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## What is the current behavior?
The badge presents the `xxsmall`, `xsmall`, and `xlarge`. The user
experience design expects only the `small` and `medium` sizes for badges
with content (number or icon), and `small`, `medium`, and `large` sizes
for empty badges.

## What is the new behavior?
- The badge should support only the sizes mentioned above.
- The `small` and `medium` sizes must be adjusted to the new
requirements for badges with content.
- The size property descriptions must inform that the `large` size is
only available for empty badges.

## Does this introduce a breaking change?

- [x] Yes
- [ ] No

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Co-authored-by: ionitron <hi@ionicframework.com>