fix: add tests to cycles in Graph and improve error handling (#3628)

* Add cycle detection and handling in graph edge building process

- Introduced `cycles` property to detect cycles in the graph.
- Modified `_build_edges` and `build_edge` methods to differentiate between `CycleEdge` and `Edge`.
- Updated imports and type hints to support new functionality.

* Add cycle detection and handling in graph processing

- Introduced `is_cyclic` property to check for cycles in the graph.
- Added `_snapshot` method for capturing the current state of the graph.
- Modified `layered_topological_sort` to handle cyclic graphs by starting from a specified start component.
- Updated imports and type hints for better code clarity and functionality.

* Refactor tests and components for improved caching and data handling

- Updated `test_vector_store_rag.py` to use `set_on_output` with `cache=True` and simplified assertions.
- Enhanced `test_memory_chatbot.py` with additional assertions for graph structure and caching.
- Simplified `to_data` method in `base.py` to directly return `_data` without JSON serialization.

* Add unit tests for detecting cycles in graph

- Introduce `test_cycle_in_graph` to verify cyclic behavior in the graph.
- Add `test_cycle_in_graph_max_iterations` to ensure max iterations limit is respected.
- Implement `Concatenate` component for testing purposes.

* Disable output cache in graph tests to allow loops to work

* Refactor: Update VertexStates enum values to uppercase and optimize imports in base.py

* Refactor type hints and improve error handling in `Vertex` class

- Replace `ValueError` with `NoComponentInstance` exception for missing component instances.
- Add `target_handle_name` parameter to `_get_result` method for better result retrieval.
- Refactor type hints to use `collections.abc` for `AsyncIterator`, `Generator`, and `Iterator`.
- Update type hints for `extract_messages_from_artifacts` and `successors_ids` methods to use generic `dict` and `list`.