Add support for bazel 9.x (#26201)

This doesn't flip the default bazel version, but instead makes this repo
compatible with the current version and bazel 9.x. The primary changes
for 9.x support are adding new load statements for things that were
previously built in. This cascaded into a few dep updates to pull in
their missing load statement fixes.

Closes #26201

COPYBARA_INTEGRATE_REVIEW=https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/pull/26201 from keith:ks/add-support-for-bazel-9.x e8192d86b3c838f6c88d4a4adfebd07162debc0d
PiperOrigin-RevId: 878654773