gh-116818: Make `sys.settrace`, `sys.setprofile`, and monitoring thread-safe (#116775)

Makes sys.settrace, sys.setprofile, and monitoring generally thread-safe.

Mostly uses a stop-the-world approach and synchronization around the code object's _co_instrumentation_version.  There may be a little bit of extra synchronization around the monitoring data that's required to be TSAN clean.