[3.12] gh-128504: Upgrade doctest to ubuntu-24.04 (GH-128506) (#128518)

gh-128504: Upgrade doctest to ubuntu-24.04 (GH-128506)
(cherry picked from commit 2228e92da31ca7344a163498f848973a1b356597)

Co-authored-by: Damien <81557462+Damien-Chen@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: blurb-it[bot] <43283697+blurb-it[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Hugo van Kemenade <1324225+hugovk@users.noreply.github.com>