[3.10] gh-98517: Fix buffer overflows in _sha3 module (#98519)

This is a port of the applicable part of XKCP's fix [1] for
CVE-2022-37454 and avoids the segmentation fault and the infinite
loop in the test cases published in [2].

[1]: https://github.com/XKCP/XKCP/commit/fdc6fef075f4e81d6b1bc38364248975e08e340a
[2]: https://mouha.be/sha-3-buffer-overflow/

Regression test added by: Gregory P. Smith [Google LLC] <greg@krypto.org>