[3.14] gh-133583: Add support for fixed size unsigned integers in argument parsing (GH-133584) (GH-133650)

* Add Argument Clinic converters: uint8, uint16, uint32, uint64.
* Add private C API: _PyLong_UInt8_Converter(),
  _PyLong_UInt16_Converter(), _PyLong_UInt32_Converter(),
  _PyLong_UInt64_Converter().
(cherry picked from commit 4c914e7a36033d5e8d52cdef3a4063eb9b012ed2)

Co-authored-by: Serhiy Storchaka <storchaka@gmail.com>