[3.11] gh-102837: more tests for the math module (GH-111930)(GH-102523) (GH-112030) (GH-112041)

[3.12] gh-102837: more tests for the math module (GH-111930)(GH-102523) (GH-112030)

* gh-102837: improve test coverage for math module (GH-102523)

(Only the test changes from GH-102523 are cherry-picked)

- input checks for math_1(L989), math_1a(L1023), math_2(L1064,L1071), hypot(L2682), log(L2307), ldexp(L2168), ceil(L1165), floor(L1236,L1239) and dist(L2587,L2588,L2628).
- improve fsum coverage for exceptional cases (L1433,L1438,L1451,L1497), ditto fmod(L2378)

(all line numbers are wrt the main branch at 5e6661bce9)

* gh-102837: more tests for the math module (GH-111930)

Add tests to improve coverage:

* fsum: L1369, L1379, L1383, L1412
* trunc: L2081
* log: L2267
* dist: L2577, L2579
* hypot: L2632
* (not cherry-picked for 3.11: sumprod)
* pow: L2982
* prod: L3294, L3308, L3318-3330

// line numbers wrt to 9dc4fb8204

(cherry picked from commit c61de456db0186b65d479d41e84127832205d30d)

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Co-authored-by: Sergey B Kirpichev <skirpichev@gmail.com>
(cherry picked from commit c6aea46a71d158f993cc723c14b4bf7982b73a2a)