gh-102008: simplify test_except_star by using sys.exception() instead of sys.exc_info() (GH-102009)

(cherry picked from commit c2b85a95a50687a2e5d1873e17266370876e77e9)

Co-authored-by: Irit Katriel <1055913+iritkatriel@users.noreply.github.com>