[3.12] gh-87320: In the code module, handle exceptions raised in sys.excepthook (GH-122456) (GH-122515)

Before, the exception caused by calling non-default sys.excepthook
in code.InteractiveInterpreter bubbled up to the caller, ending the REPL.
(cherry picked from commit bd3d31f380cd451a4ab6da5fbfde463fed95b5b5)

Co-authored-by: CF Bolz-Tereick <cfbolz@gmx.de>