[3.12] gh-122623: Improve `c-api/bytearray.rst` with error handling info (GH-122624) (#122659)

gh-122623: Improve `c-api/bytearray.rst` with error handling info (GH-122624)
(cherry picked from commit 151934a324789c58cca9c7bbd6753d735454df5a)

Co-authored-by: sobolevn <mail@sobolevn.me>