[3.14] gh-132641: fix race in `lru_cache` under free-threading (GH-133787) (#133979)

gh-132641: fix race in `lru_cache` under free-threading (GH-133787)

Fix race in `lru_cache` by acquiring critical section on the cache object itself and call the lock held variant of dict functions to modify the underlying dict.
(cherry picked from commit 9ad0c7b0f14c5fcda6bfae6692c88abb95502d38)

Co-authored-by: Peter Hawkins <phawkins@google.com>