[3.12] bpo-42663: Fix parsing TZ strings in zoneinfo module (GH-23825) (GH-110882)

zipinfo now supports the full range of values in the TZ string
determined by RFC 8536 and detects all invalid formats.
Both Python and C implementations now raise exceptions of the same
type on invalid data.
(cherry picked from commit ab08ff7882b6181fb785eed7410dbf8030aded70)