bpo-42639: Cleanup atexitmodule.c (GH-23770)

* Rename "atexitmodule_state" to "struct atexit_state".
* Rename "modstate" to "state".
* Rename "self" parameter to "module".
* test_atexit uses textwrap.dedent().
* Remove _Py_PyAtExit() function: inline it into atexit_exec().
* PyInterpreterState: rename pyexitfunc to atexit_func, rename
  pyexitmodule to atexit_module.