[3.12] gh-129502: Fix handling errors in ctypes callbacks (GH-129504) (#129639)

Unlikely errors in preparing arguments for ctypes callback are now
handled in the same way as errors raised in the callback of in converting
the result of the callback -- using sys.unraisablehook() instead of
sys.excepthook() and not setting sys.last_exc and other variables.
(cherry picked from commit 9d63ae5fe52d95059ab1bcd4cbb1f9e17033c897)