[3.12] gh-53203: Fix strptime() for %c, %x and %X formats on many locales (GH-125406) (GH-125454) (GH-125483)

Fixed most locales that use non-ASCII digits, like Persian, Burmese,
Odia and Shan.
(cherry picked from commit 5f4e5b598cab86d5fd5727d423c9728221889ed0)

(cherry picked from commit cbcdf34a4b69a28a7e31715423fb080cb5cf8075)

Co-authored-by: Miss Islington (bot) <31488909+miss-islington@users.noreply.github.com>