[3.11] gh-107915: Handle errors in C API functions PyErr_Set*() and PyErr_Format() (GH-107918) (GH-108135)

Such C API functions as PyErr_SetString(), PyErr_Format(),
PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename() and many others no longer crash or
ignore errors if it failed to format the error message or decode the
filename. Instead, they keep a corresponding error.
(cherry picked from commit 633ea217a85f6b6ba5bdbc73094254d5811b3485)