[3.11] gh-89018: Improve documentation of `sqlite3` exceptions (GH-27645) (#93836)

- Order exceptions as in PEP 249
- Reword descriptions, so they match the current behaviour

Co-authored-by: Alex Waygood <Alex.Waygood@Gmail.com>
(cherry picked from commit bb0b7689465c3aac3b1d7f68c8990009462c1ae5)

Co-authored-by: Erlend Egeberg Aasland <erlend.aasland@protonmail.com>