bpo-41909: Enable previously disabled recursion checks. (GH-22536)

Enable recursion checks which were disabled when get __bases__ of
non-type objects in issubclass() and isinstance() and when intern
strings. It fixes a stack overflow when getting __bases__ leads
to infinite recursion.

Originally recursion checks was disabled for PyDict_GetItem() which
silences all errors including the one raised in case of detected
recursion and can return incorrect result. But now the code uses
PyDict_GetItemWithError() and PyDict_SetDefault() instead.