[3.10] bpo-43853: Expand test suite for SQLite UDF's (GH-27642) (GH-31030)

* [3.10] bpo-43853: Expand test suite for SQLite UDF's (GH-27642).
(cherry picked from commit 3eb3b4f270757f66c7fb6dcf5afa416ee1582a4b)

Co-authored-by: Erlend Egeberg Aasland <erlend.aasland@innova.no>

* Fix test_func_return_too_large_int

GH-27613 (bpo 44839) was not backported, so exceptions differ between
main (3.11) and older versions.