[3.12] gh-110590: Fix a bug where _sre.compile would overwrite exceptions (GH-110591) (#110613)

TypeError would be overwritten by OverflowError
if 'code' param contained non-ints.
(cherry picked from commit 344d3a222a7864f8157773749bdd77d1c9dfc1e6)

Co-authored-by: Nikita Sobolev <mail@sobolevn.me>