gh-145177: Support multiple Emscripten versions for Emscripten buildbot (#145180)

Adds an `--emsdk-cache` argument to the Emscripten build script and an
emscripten_version.txt file. If the `--emsdk-cache` argument is passed, the build script
will look in `emscripten_version.txt` to get the expected emsdk version is installed in
a folder called e.g., 4.0.12 in the directory indicated by the `--emsdk-cache` argument,
and run the build with that Emscripten tooling activated.