gh-105268: Add _Py_FROM_GC() function to pycore_gc.h (#105362)

* gcmodule.c reuses _Py_AS_GC(op) for AS_GC()
* Move gcmodule.c FROM_GC() implementation to a new _Py_FROM_GC()
  static inline function in pycore_gc.h.
* _PyObject_IS_GC(): only get the type once
* gc_is_finalized(à) and PyObject_GC_IsFinalized() use
  _PyGC_FINALIZED(), instead of _PyGCHead_FINALIZED().
* Remove _Py_CAST() in pycore_gc.h: this header file is not built
  with C++.