[3.13] gh-53203: Fix strptime() for %c, %x and %X formats on many locales (GH-125406) (GH-125454)

Fixed most locales that use non-ASCII digits, like Persian, Burmese,
Odia and Shan.
(cherry picked from commit 5f4e5b598cab86d5fd5727d423c9728221889ed0)

Co-authored-by: Serhiy Storchaka <storchaka@gmail.com>