GH-100479: Add `pathlib.PurePath.with_segments()` (GH-103975)

Add `pathlib.PurePath.with_segments()`, which creates a path object from arguments. This method is called whenever a derivative path is created, such as from `pathlib.PurePath.parent`. Subclasses may override this method to share information between path objects.

Co-authored-by: Alex Waygood <Alex.Waygood@Gmail.com>