gh-132775: Add _PyCode_VerifyStateless() (gh-133221)

"Stateless" code is a function or code object which does not rely on external state or internal state.
It may rely on arguments and builtins, but not globals or a closure. I've left a comment in
pycore_code.h that provides more detail.

We also add _PyFunction_VerifyStateless(). The new functions will be used in several later changes
that facilitate "sharing" functions and code objects between interpreters.