[3.12] gh-101293: Fix support of custom callables and types in inspect.Signature.from_callable() (GH-115530) (GH-116198)

Support callables with the __call__() method and types with
__new__() and __init__() methods set to class methods, static
methods, bound methods, partial functions, and other types of
methods and descriptors.

Add tests for numerous types of callables and descriptors.
(cherry picked from commit 59167c962efcae72e8d88aa4b33062ed3de4f120)

Co-authored-by: Serhiy Storchaka <storchaka@gmail.com>